Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine August 2016 - 2

In This Issue - Technically CELLULAR FOR THE SKIES: EXPLOITING MOBILE NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE FOR LOW ALTITUDE AIR-TOGROUND COMMUNICATIONS In the last few years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been standing out as a pervasive tool in numerous civil and commercial applications. Although different wireless technologies can be employed to establish communications between a UAV and a ground control station (GCS), most either limit the operational radius or increase substantially the complexity of the system. Taking into account insights from our own real-world experiments and studies carried out within the scope of the SAAS project from Instituto de Telecomunicações, in this article we discuss the use of mobile networks for low altitude air-to-ground (A2G) communications as a possible solution to provide extended mobility and range to operators and UAVs. Besides addressing the advantages and the associated constraints of using these networks, we propose a flexible architecture for multiple UAVs and GCSs. Although our experimental results have shown that current mobile networks can fulfil the basic requirements for many envisioned UAV applications, we discuss how the evolution towards 5G networks is expected to improve the support for reliable real-time A2G communications and even for air-to-air communications. DESIGN OF TELECOMMAND SOFTWARE FOR THE MARS ORBITER MISSION Interplanetary missions involve visibility constraints, high communication delays and limited bandwidth which requires intelligent methods to send commands to the spacecraft and receive telemetry results. This article presents design of telecommand software used in Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). The MOM has an Earth-centric, heliocentric, and Mars-centric phases. The MOM Telecommand Processor (MTcP) software is designed to meet mission planning and operation in various mission phases. Since the MTcP is mission critical, any problem onboard may lead to mission failure as it requires a significant time to get telemetry and to take any action on that telemetry from the ground. Thus, the fault detection, isolation and reconfiguration logics are built in the MTcP software. The MTcP software also has remote programming features to accommodate any new requirements. The software design presented is simple, general purpose, and database driven and was successfully flown on the Mars Orbiter Mission launched in November 2013. PIONEER AWARD: STATISTICAL ANTENNA THEORY: FORMATION AND EXTENSION In this article, I set forth the essence and contents of statistical antenna theory (SAT), a theory of antennas with random sources. It is important to note that the presence of randomness in an antenna leads to randomness in the field radiated (or received) by the antenna and in all associated antenna parameters; and therefore, the language used to set out the principles of the science should be the same as that used to describe the theory of probability and the theory of random functions. The absence of a theory or set of principles that applied randomness to antennas impelled me in the early sixties to create a new statistical antenna theory that included procedures for antenna investigations, descriptions of the apparatus involved, terminology, concepts, and definitions. In this article, the foundations of the theory are set forth as applied to the simplest kind of antenna - a linear continuous antenna with a uniform amplitude distribution for which the random phase errors are set forth. Three statistical antenna characteristics are successively considered: mean, fluctuation, and correlation. Each of these demonstrates a dependence on phase errors' variance and correlation radius. The results obtained for the simplest system further are generalized to many antenna types: linear and bi-dimensional, as well as continuous and discrete. Along with this, new SAT issues are considered: the statistical antenna synthesis; transformation of the effect of superdirectivity in SAT, and statistical antenna measurement theory, in addition to others. I spend a considerable amount of space in this article on describing both my activities elucidating and popularizing SAT ideas and results, and on the assistance I gave to groups of scientists from different organizations of the former USSR in their investigations on SAT. STUDENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT: MACHe - MODEL-BASED ALGORITHM FOR CLASSIFICATION OF HELICOPTERS Secondary motions of a target, such as rotating blades of a helicopter's main rotor, induce a Doppler modulation around the main Doppler shift. This represents a unique feature of the target itself, known as micro-Doppler signature, and can be used for classification purposes. In this student research highlight a model-based automatic helicopter classification algorithm is presented. It is a parametric classification approach based on a sparse signal recovery method and it is independent of both the initial position of the blades and the aspect angle. The algorithm is tested on simulated and real data. 2 IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE AUGUST 2016

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine August 2016

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