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Griffiths and signal processing, so it is essential that radar development is accompanied by comprehensive experimental programs to measure and archive all relevant material and environmental parameters Biologically-Inspired Processing: Finally, a study of how processing in natural systems such as bats and dolphins has benefitted from optimization through millions of years of evolution can teach us some valuable lessons. The acoustic signals that some species of bat use to identify, track, and intercept their prey are sophisticated, and make use of intelligent, cognitive processing [6]. Different species of bat inhabit different environments and feed on different prey, and the waveforms reflect this diversity; some are long, CW-type waveforms, some are shorter and impulsive, and some even include harmonics. In some species the frequency of the emission is adaptively lowered as it moves forward, so that the Doppler-shifted echo from the target scene is still at the peak of the frequency response of the bat's ear [7]. Even more impressive is the way in which the waveforms are adaptively varied through the different phases of the pursuit of insect prey, and evaluation of the ambiguity functions at each stage show the difference in information acquired [8]. One species of bat (Noctilio leporinus) feeds on fish, which it detects using echolocation of the perturbation of the water surface caused by the fish under the surface. Are there clues here that might help us with radar detection of submerged objects such as submarines ? a repeat interval one year is certainly too frequent, but two or three years seems about right. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We express our thanks to ONR(G), AFOSR, and the Australian High Commission for their support of this event, and all of the participants, especially the session chairs and presenters (on whose abstracts these summaries are based) and the poster authors. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] CONCLUSIONS So what did we learn? Firstly, that this is a really useful meeting format, which should be more widely applicable. It depends on being able to bring together the right people and encouraging them to express their opinions in an honest and unfettered way. It is important that the participants understand that the purpose is to look forward rather than back. Secondly, that it is important to be able to capture the discussion in a form that is usable and useful - and this article forms part of that, of course. Thirdly, that academia, industry, and government labs each have their own perspectives and priorities, and to make genuine progress it is necessary to harness all three in the right way. Fourthly, that there is strong support to repeat the event. Opinion is divided on the appropriate timescale: AUGUST 2016 [6] [7] [8] IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE Moore, G.E. 'Cramming more components onto integrated circuits', Electronics, pp114-117, 19 April 1965; reprinted in IEEE Proceedings, Vol.86, No.1, pp82-85, January 1998. Griffiths, H.D., Cohen, L., Watts, S., Mokole, E., Baker, C.J., Wicks, M.C. and Blunt, S.D., 'Radar spectrum engineering and management: technical and regulatory approaches', IEEE Proceedings, Vol.103, No.1, pp85-102, January 2015. https://www.asdreports.com/news.asp?pr_id=1701 accessed 26 June 2014. Haykin, S., 'Cognitive radar: a way of the future', IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Vol.23, No.1, pp30-40, January 2006. Farina, A., Holbourn, P., Kinghorn, A. and Timmoneri, L., 'AESA Radar - pan-domain multi-function capabilities for future systems', plenary session, 2013 IEEE Int. Symp. on Phased Array Systems & Technology, Boston MA, 15-18 October 2013. Baker, C.J., Smith, G.E., Balleri, A., Holderied, M. and Griffiths, H.D., 'Biomimetic echolocation with application to radar and sonar sensing', IEEE Proceedings, Vol.102, No.4, pp447-458, April 2014. Jones, G. and Holderied, M.W., "Bat echolocation calls: adaptation and convergent evolution," Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B-Biological Sciences, vol. 21, pp905-912, 2007. Balleri, A., Griffiths, H.D., Baker, C.J., Woodbridge, K. and Holderied, M.W., 'Analysis of acoustic echoes from a bat-pollinated plant species: insight into strategies for radar and sonar target classification', IET Radar, Sonar and Navigation, Vol.6, No.6, pp536-544, July 2012. 45 https://www.asdreports.com/news.asp?pr_id=1701

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