Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine November 2017 - 31

Bilzhause et al.
Table 2.

Match of User-Plane LDACS Cybersecurity Implementation Options and Security Objectives
Multiframe
Objective 1:
Safety and
efficiency

Resource
Allocation

Slot

DLS Fragment

SNDCP Packet

Security
overhead per
multiframe

Security
overhead per
slot

Security
overhead
per resource
allocation

(−) Maximum
overhead:
Security
overhead per
fragment

Security
overhead per
packet

(−) Increased
latency

(−) Increased
latency

No influence on
latency

No influence on
latency

No influence on
latency

Objective 2:
Reliability and
robustness

(−) Fate sharing
per multiframe

(−) Fate sharing
per slot

(−) Fate sharing
per resource
allocation

No fate sharing

No fate sharing

Objective 3:
Message
authentication
and integrity

(−) Forward link
only

(−) Forward link
only

Forward link
and reverse link

(+) Forward link,
reverse link, and
application

(+) Forward link,
reverse link, and
application

Objective 4:
Confidentiality

(−) Forward link
only

(−) Forward link
only

Forward link
and reverse link

(+) Forward link,
reverse link, and
application

(+) Forward link,
reverse link, and
application

Objective 5:
Entity
authentication

(−) Forward link
only

(−) Forward link
only

Forward link
and reverse link

(+) Forward link,
reverse link, and
application

(+) Forward link,
reverse link, and
application

Summary

(−)(−)(−)(−)(−)

(−)(−)(−)(−)(−)

(−)

(−)(+)(+)(+)

(+)(+)(+)

NOTE: Critical limitations are marked with (−); significant advantages are marked with (+).

LME's control over the cell entry procedure indicates that it is the correct place
to perform authentication (F_Auth).
The SNDCP offers virtually errorfree point-to-point communication between aircraft and ground stations. It
does not suffer from the fate-sharing
problem, and the added security overhead is low. Therefore, we claim that it
is the appropriate place in the protocol
stack to apply data protection (F_Data)
and cryptography (F_Crypto).
Our proposed assignment of security functions is displayed in Figure 9.
We also recommend supporting datalink
layer cybersecurity with measures to
mitigate denial of service on the physical layer through the SESAR multilink
concept (F_Robust).

FUTURE WORK
The main limitation of the analysis presented in the article is that it focuses on
the LDACS user plane and does not propose detailed solutions for the LDACS
NOVEMBER 2017

Figure 9.

Proposed mapping of security functions to the LDACS protocol stack.

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

31



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