Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine July 2017 - 7

Lim et al.

Figure 3.

Piloting task analysis.

including the primary flight display (PFD), navigation display
(ND), mode control panel (MCP), and multi-function control display unit (MCDU) [18].
To actualise this concept of operations, new system functionalities are required to assist the single pilot and ground support staff
in mitigating the increased workload of the single pilot and in detecting pilot incapacitation. These functionalities must be enabled
by secure and high-throughput data links connecting both airborne
and ground systems. Using established certification standards, the
operational, technical, human factors (HF), as well as test and evaluation aspects (T&E) are considered in the development of a VPA
system. These requirements provide the framework for the design
of the various VPA subsystems.

C

CERTIFICATION CONSIDERATIONS
The following section provides a review of current certifications,
acceptable means of compliance (AMC), guidance materials (GM)
and recommended practices applicable to SPO. The material is
sourced from national/international organizations such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Federal Aviation
Authority (FAA), European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), Civil
Aviation Authorities (CAA) from Australia, the UK and New Zealand, the US Department of Defence (DOD) and the Institute for
Defense Analyses (IDA). References are also made to standards
from Aeronautical Radio Incorporated (ARINC), American Society of the International Association for Testing and Materials
(ASTM), Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA),
JULY 2017

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), and NATO Standardization Agreements (STANAGs). The content is divided into three
operational categories, namely conventional two-pilot operations,
SPO, and RPAS operations. Each category provides a different aspect of certification, which is relevant to the certification of SPO
for commercial airliners (Figure 4).
Two-Pilot Aircraft: The operational and technical requirements for two-pilot aircraft highlighted within this category serves
as a baseline for future SPO standards, since a similar set of prerequisites ensures interoperability between SPO and conventional
operations in the next-generation ATM context. However, a significant evolution of these standards is required to address the differences between SPO and conventional operations, namely:

C

C

Safety considerations arising in view of a sole pilot in the
cockpit.
Technical and operational requirements for higher levels of
ground support (in terms of communication integrity/protocols and work/authority allocation).
HF and technical requirements for the safe operation of
highly autonomous systems (in terms of HMI2 and system
integrity/redundancy).

SPO: The certification aspects and guidelines in this category address the requirements for SPO in GA aircraft, providing another baseline (together with the relevant requirements for two-pilot and RPAS
operations) to determine the future certification and standards needs
of commercial SPO. The documents here are unique to SPO for GA.

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

7



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