Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine July 2017 - 8

Commercial Airline Single-Pilot Operations: System Design and Pathways to Certification

Figure 4.

Different aspects of certification based on the three operational categories.

RPAS: Concept of operations of the SPO requires the aircraft
to operate as an RPAS in case of pilot incapacitation, or in situations that require the ground pilot to assume control of the aircraft.
This imposes additional requirements for the certification process.
The material in this category is relatively new and contains references to both civil and military documents.
Table 2 provides a compilation of the certification standards,
AMC, GM, and recommended practices for the three categories (twopilot aircraft, SPO, and RPAS) encompassing the operational (OP),
technical (TC), safety (SA), HF, as well as T&E aspects. The design
of the VPA focuses on the technical, safety, and HF aspects, while
operational and T&E requirements are considered in greater detail at a
more mature stage of the design process. In order to develop a certifiable SPO pilot decision support system, the following subsystems are
required to meet the certification requirements identified in Table 2.
Communications Subsystem: The relevant certification requirements are TH03 (flight data integrity for ground station), TH05
(data link systems), TH09 (ICAO manual on RCP), TH14 (ICAO
manual on RPAS), TH15 (required RPAS C2 performance), TH19
(data link and C2 interface).
Surveillance Subsystem: The relevant certification requirements
are TH06 (minimum aviation system performance for surveillance), TH07 (flight deck interval management), TH10 (ICAO
manual on PBN), TH14 (ICAO manual on RPAS), TH18 (detect
and avoid).
Flight Management System: The relevant certification requirements are OP20 (operational function requirements), TH04 (RNP
for RNAV), TH08 (aerospace recommended practice for flight
management systems (FMS)), TH17 (functional allocation), TE02
8

(CNS/Air Traffic Management (ATM) software integrity), TE04
(automatic flight guidance and control).
Cognitive Human-Machine Interface: The relevant certification requirements are OP03 (aviation fatigue), TH18 (autonomy),
SA02 (system design and analysis), SA03 (systems development
and design), HF02 (flight deck controls and displays), HF06 (flight
crew HF), HF08 (single-pilot HF), HF09 (HF in unmanned aircraft
systems (UAS) operations), HF10 (control station HF), HF11 (human-machine interface (HMI)), HF12 (manned-unmanned teaming), TE07 (verification of adaptive systems).
Functional Allocation Subsystem: The relevant certification requirements are OP20 (operational function requirements), TH15
(functional allocation), SA02 (system design and analysis), SA03
(systems development and design), HF09 (HF in UAS operations),
HF10 (control station HF), HF12 (manned-unmanned teaming),
TE07 (verification of adaptive systems).

Operational Aspects
Operational considerations include minimum flight crew requirements, fatigue management procedures, operational procedures
(including surface, air, and maintenance aspects), operator training
and certification as well as the certification framework. More specific details can be found for GA, SPO, and RPAS operations, with
these being distinct from the two-pilot operational requirements in
FAR Parts 121, 125, and 135.
According to FAR 25.1523 and FAR 25 Appendix D, the criteria for deciding minimum flight crew are based on pilot workload
and flight safety when a pilot is incapacitated. To achieve certification, SPO needs to show that pilot workload remains at an ac-

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

JULY 2017



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