Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine July 2017 Tutorial XI - 1

Welcome to IEEE AESS Tutorial XI

DOI No. 10.1109/MAES.2017.171122

WELCOME TO IEEE AESS TUTORIAL XI

e are pleased to offer the eleventh issue of our tutorials, Tutorial XI, to members of the IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society (AESS). The first issue of IEEE AES Tutorials was published
in January 2004. Three kinds of tutorial articles are offered. The first is a primer on an established
topic, while the second introduces us to a topic of emerging importance. The third type of article is a
survey of an established technical area. In all three cases, authors are for the most part noted experts willing to share their knowledge and experience in a written field guide. Tutorial XI presents two tutorials on
emerging topics and a tutorial on an established area.
The first article is entitled "Introductory View of Anomalous Change Detection in Hyperspectral Images Within a Theoretical Gaussian Framework" and coauthored by Nicola Acito, Marco Diani, Giovanni
Corsini, and Salvatore Resta. Change detection is a challenging task aimed at detecting pixels that are
substantially different in multitemporal images of the same scene. Exploitation of temporal series of hyperspectral images is a relatively new discipline that has gained a lot of attention from the image processing scientific community. In this tutorial, the authors consider the specific problem of anomalous change
detection (ACD) in hyperspectral images and discuss how images taken at two different times can be
William Dale Blair
processed to detect changes caused by insertion, deletion, or displacement of small objects in the monitored scene. They introduce the ACD problem and derive a common framework including different ACD approaches. The tutorial focuses on
techniques based on the multivariate Gaussian model that allows a formal presentation of the ACD problem and the rigorous derivation of
the possible solutions that are both mathematically tractable and easy to interpret. Dedicated preprocessing methods aimed at improving the
robustness of the ACD process are also discussed by the authors.
The second article in this issue addresses the trend of replacing traditional phased lock loops (PLLs) with Kalman filter-based techniques.
This tutorial is entitled "Are PPLs Dead? A Tutorial on Kalman Filter-Based Techniques for Digital Carrier Synchronization" and coauthored
by Jordi Vilá-Valls, Pau Closas, Monica Navarro, and Carles Fernández-Prades. Digital carrier phase (CP) tracking techniques implemented
in conventional receivers rely on well-known phase-locked loop (PLL) architectures that set an output signal's phase relative to an input reference signal's phase. Digital PLLs can be implemented in hardware or all-digital integrated circuits, but the rapid evolution of programmable
devices enables software-defined implementations targeting frequencies up to hundreds of megahertz, in which the designer trades electronic
components for computational resources. On the basis of conventional PLL architectures, some improvements have been proposed in the
literature, but their performance have been overcome by Kalman filter-based techniques. The authors provide a comprehensive overview and
unified framework for understanding and comparing conventional PLL architectures and the Kalman filter-based techniques. The authors
present and justify the reasoning behind the systematic use of KF-based tracking approaches instead of the well-established PLL-based
architectures from both theoretical and practical points of view. Robust carrier tracking of global navigation satellite systems' signals and
synchronization in a deep space communications system are considered by the authors.
Radar is an indispensable technology in areas of defense, air traffic control (ATC), and weather surveillance. The usual goal of defense
and air traffic control radars is to detect and track individual targets, while, in contrast, the "target" of weather radars may stretch hundreds
of kilometers. The third tutorial is entitled "Weather Radar: Operation and Phenomenology" and coauthored by Jenny L. Reed, Aaron D.
Lanterman, and John M. Trostel. The meteorology, defense, and ATC communities typically publish research in different venues, and each
community has its own vernacular and approach to problems. The authors summarize a typical weather radar system and define the associated jargon in terms more familiar to the other radar communities. Then, the authors provide a detailed discussion of the physical scattering
phenomenology exploited in radar meteorology. The Weather Surveillance Radar 1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) is the most common weather
radar and the network of the 160 WSR-88D sites is commonly called the NEXRAD (Next-Generation Radar) network. The WSR-88D radar
is used by the authors as a canonical example throughout the tutorial.
Good tutorial articles in the areas of interest to AESS members are in great demand. If you have a topic of interest and a potential author,
please contact me to nominate a tutorial. Self-nominations are also welcome. All tutorials are subjected to peer review to ensure the quality of
our articles. Tutorials are reviewed for clarity of presentation, relevance, correctness, and scientific merit. Explanations of complex topics in
simple (tutorial) terms are sought. Tutorials should not include new research results. The archival home for new research is our IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, and submissions with new results will be rerouted to the transactions. Likewise, interesting and descriptive articles without significant tutorial content should more properly be submitted to IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine.
As long as supplies last, copies of tutorials are available for distribution at any AESS sponsored function. Requests for copies must
include the tutorial number, quantity (minimum of 25), complete street shipping address with telephone number, and due date. Please give
adequate lead time for fulfillment of your request. Direct your requests to Judy Scharmann by e-mail at j.scharmann@ieee.org or contact her
by phone at 785-317-8741.
William Dale Blair
Associate Editor for Tutorials
VP Publications, IEEE AESS

JULY 2017, Part II of II

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine July 2017 Tutorial XI