Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine July 2017 Tutorial XI - 53

Reed, Lanterman, and Trostel

Figure 3.

VCP 11 samples 14 elevation angles in 5 min. The lowest two angles use split cut (CS/CD), the middle angles use batch (B), and the higher angles use CDX mode.
The beams shown represent the beam height as a function of range and account for both Earth's curvature and standard atmospheric refraction of the beam.

as it scans over the target. This is called beamshape loss. However,
because the target is volumetric in weather radar, it is common to
assume the target uniformly fills the radar resolution volume, and
the effects of scanning are modeled as in increase in the effective
beam size [26].

D. VOLUME COVERAGE PATTERNS
A VCP is a scan strategy that designates the parameters of the volume scan, specifically, the elevation angles at which cuts are taken,
the types of cuts taken, and the radar parameters used for those
cuts.
The WSR-88D generally employs three types of cuts: split,
batch, and contiguous Doppler X (CDX) [24]. Split cuts scan a
particular elevation slice twice, once in a contiguous surveillance
(CS) mode and once in a contiguous Doppler (CD) mode. The CS
mode uses a low PRF for collecting intensity (i.e., power) data over
maximum range extent, while the CD mode uses a high PRF for
better velocity resolution. The CS mode is also used to disambiguate range-folded CD data. Furthermore, split cuts facilitate clutter
suppression; thus, they are often used at elevation angles below
1.65°, where efficient clutter suppression is a necessity. Batch cuts
JULY 2017, Part II of II

alternate between high and low PRFs in a single scan. They offer
many of the benefits of split cuts without requiring a second scan
of the same elevation slice. Batch cuts are employed for middle
elevation angles (i.e., between 1.8° and 6.5°), where clutter contamination is less problematic. CDX cuts employ a high PRF with
a quick-rotating antenna at elevation angles above 6.5° and do not
require range unfolding, because little reflectivity arises from far
ranges at these elevation angles. The highest elevation angle setting for any VCP is 19.5°. The space above this angle is called the
cone of silence, which is the vicinity above the radar in which no
radar weather observations are made.
VCPs are composed of a series of split, batch, and CDX cuts.
The VCP is usually selected automatically based on the type and
range of significant weather patterns that have already been detected. An example VCP is show in Fig. 3.

E. LEGACY RESOLUTION VERSUS SUPER RESOLUTION
For each cut of data in a volume scan, the radar collects data on a
range-azimuth grid. The WSR-88D collects data with a resolution
of 250 m (or 750 m) by 1° for the short (or long) pulse. The 1°
azimuthal resolution is the result of choosing the maximal length

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

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