Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine July 2017 Tutorial XI - 70

IEEE AES Tutorials
and how it is different than manned aircraft, basic SAA definitions
and taxonomies are discussed. The SAA process is dissected into
three fundamental tasks, defined as sensing, detecting, and avoiding,
which are discussed in detail. The tutorial concludes with a summary
of the regulatory and technical issues that continue to challenge the
progress on SAA, as a key component of reliable UAS operation in
civil aviation authorities (CAAs) around the world.

A SURVEY OF RADAR SYSTEMS FOR MEDICAL
APPLICATIONS
STEFANO PISA
ERIKA PITTELLA
EMANUELE PIUZZI
Sapienza University of Rome
Rome, Italy
A survey of radar systems used in the medical field is presented.
First, medical applications of radars are described, and some
emerging research fields are highlighted. Then, medical radars
are analyzed in terms of block diagrams and behavioral equations
and some implementations are shown as examples. A section is
dedicated to the radiating structures used in these radars. Finally,
human safety and environmental impact issues are addressed. The
most investigated medical applications of radars are breast tumor
diagnostics and remote monitoring of cardiorespiratory activity.
New fields of interest are physiological liquid detection, and the
monitoring of artery walls and vocal cord movements. Among
the various topologies, continuous wave (CW) radars have been
proven to yield the highest range resolution that is limited only by
the system noise while the resolution of ultra wideband (UWB)
and frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radars is also
related to the used frequency bandwidth. Concerning the maximum range, UWB radars have the best performance due to their
ability to operate in the presence of environmental clutter. As for
the radiating structures, planar antennas are preferred for diagnostic applications, due to their small dimensions and good matching
when placed in contact with the human body. Radar systems for
remote monitoring, instead, are designed by using high gain antennas and taking into account the complex radar cross section (RCS)
of the body.

SENSE AND AVOID FOR UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
GIANCARMINE FASANO
DOMENICO ACCARDO
ANTONIO MOCCIA
University of Naples "Federico II
Naples, Italy
DAVID MARONEY
The MITRE Corporation
McLean, VA, USA
Sense and avoid (SAA) represents one of the main roadblocks to the
integration of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) operations by aviation authorities around the world. This tutorial outlines and reviews
the substantial breadth of SAA architectures, technologies, and algorithms. Starting from a discussion about what constitutes a UAS

TUTORIAL XI
INTRODUCTORY VIEW OF ANOMALOUS CHANGE DETECTION
IN HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGES WITHIN A THEORETICAL
GAUSSIAN FRAMEWORK
NICOLA ACITO
MARCO DIANI
Accademia Navale
Livorno, Italy
GIOVANNI CORSINI
Università di Pisa
Pisa, Italy
SALVATORE RESTA
Italian Navy
Exploitation of temporal series of hyperspectral images is a relatively new discipline that has gained a lot of attention from the
image processing scientific community. In this paper, we consider the specific problem of anomalous change detection (ACD) in
hyperspectral images and discuss how images taken at two different times can be processed to detect changes caused by insertion,
deletion, or displacement of small objects in the monitored scene.
We introduce the ACD problem using an approach based on the
statistical decision theory and we derive a common framework including different ACD approaches. Far from being inclusive of all
the methods proposed in the literature, this tutorial overview places
emphasis on techniques based on the multivariate Gaussian model
that allows a formal presentation of the ACD problem and the rigorous derivation of the possible solutions in a way that is both mathematically more tractable and easier to interpret. The unification
of different approaches under a single rigorous statistical scheme
provides both a tutorial overview of ACD techniques, and a useful
instrument for researchers already familiar with the ACD problem.
Dedicated preprocessing methods aimed at improving the robustness of the ACD process are also discussed. Real data are exploited
to test and compare the presented methods, highlighting advantages
and drawbacks of each approach.
The tutorial aspect of the paper has suggested the use of a freely
available data set. This should hopefully motivate the interested
reader to experiment with the processing methods and performance evaluation chain presented herein.

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

JULY 2017, Part II of II

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine July 2017 Tutorial XI