Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine July 2017 Tutorial XI - 71

IEEE AES Tutorials

ARE PLLS DEAD? A TUTORIAL ON KALMAN FILTER-BASED
TECHNIQUES FOR DIGITAL CARRIER SYNCHRONIZATION
JORDI VILÀ-VALLS
Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC/
CERCA)
Barcelona, Spain
PAU CLOSAS
Northeastern University
Boston, MA, USA
MONICA NAVARRO
CARLES FERNÁNDEZ-PRADES
Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC/
CERCA)
Barcelona, Spain
Carrier synchronization is a fundamental stage in the receiver side
of any communication or positioning system. Traditional carrier
phase tracking techniques are based on well-known phase-locked
loop (PLL) closed-loop architectures, which are still the methods
of choice in modern receivers. Those techniques are well understood, easy to tune, and perform well under benign propagation
conditions, but their applicability is seriously compromised in
harsh propagation environments, where the signal may be affected
by high dynamics, shadowing, strong fadings, multipath effects,
or ionospheric scintillation. From an optimal filtering standpoint,
the Kalman filter (KF) is clearly a powerful alternative, but the
synchronization community seems still reluctant to exploit all the
potential it has to offer. The purpose of this article is twofold: i) to
review the basics and state of the art on both PLL and KF-based
tracking techniques and ii) to present and justify the reasoning behind the systematic use of KF-based tracking approaches instead
of the well established PLL-based architectures from both theoretical and practical points of view. To support the discussion, two
specific scenarios of interest to the aerospace community
are numerically evaluated: robust carrier tracking of global navigation satellite systems' signals and synchronization in a deep space
communications system.

WEATHER RADAR: OPERATION AND PHENOMENOLOGY
JENNY L. REED
AARON D. LANTERMAN
JOHN M. TROSTEL,
Georgia Tech Research Institute
Smyrna, GA, USA

of the physical scattering phenomenology exploited specifically in
radar meteorology. Furthermore, while there are a number of operational weather radars, we focus throughout much of this article
on the most common weather radar, Weather Surveillance Radar
1988 Doppler (WSR-88D), as a canonical example, because much
of the current research and phenomenological analysis are based
on its operational parameters.

OBTAINING PREVIOUS TUTORIALS
Tutorial I was published as Part 2 of IEEE Aerospace & Electronic
Systems Magazine
Volume Nineteen-Number One-January 2004.
Tutorial II was published as Part 2 of IEEE Aerospace & Electronic Systems Magazine
Volume Twenty-Number Eight-August 2005.
Tutorial III was published as Part 2 of IEEE Aerospace & Electronic Systems Magazine
Volume Twenty-One-Number Six-June 2006.
Tutorial IV was published as Part 2 of IEEE Aerospace & Electronic Systems Magazine
Volume Twenty-Two-Number Nine-September 2007.
Tutorial V was published as Part 2 of IEEE Aerospace & Electronic Systems Magazine
Volume Twenty-Five Number Seven-July 2010.
Tutorial VI was published as Part 2 of IEEE Aerospace & Electronic Systems Magazine
Volume Twenty-Eight Number Seven - July 2013
Tutorial VII was published as Part 2 of IEEE Aerospace & Electronic Systems Magazine
Volume Twenty-Nine Number Eight - August 2014
Tutorial VIII was published as Part 2 of IEEE Aerospace & Electronic Systems Magazine
Volume Thirty Number Two - February 2015
Tutorial IX was published as Part 2 of IEEE Aerospace & Electronic Systems Magazine
Volume Thirty-One Number Three - March 2016

Radar is an indispensable technology in areas of defense, air traffic
control (ATC), and weather surveillance. The usual goal of defense
and air traffic control radars is to detect and track individual
targets; in contrast, the "target" of weather radars may stretch hundreds of kilometers. The meteorology, defense, and ATC communities typically publish research in different venues, and each community has a vernacular and characteristic ways of approaching
problems. The goals of this article are twofold. Its primary goal is
to summarize typical weather radar systems and define associated
JULY 2017, Part II of II

jargon in terms more familiar to other radar communities. The second goal is to provide a detailed discussion

Tutorial X was published as Part 2 of IEEE Aerospace & Electronic Systems Magazine
Volume Thirty-One Number Eleven - November 2016
Copies of tutorials are available for use by any AESS function, as
long as stocks last. Requests must indicate Tutorial Number and
quantity (minimum 25), be in writing, provide a complete street
shipping address including telephone number, give adequate
lead time for fulfillment, and indicate the date desired at the destination. Direct your requests to Judy Scharmann by e-mail at
j.scharmann@ieee.org or contact her by phone at 785-317-8741.

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

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