Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine January 2018 - 27

Detection of Supersonic Rockets Using Passive Bistatic Radar

Figure 5.

Measurement equipment used for signal recording.

its respective transmitter. Two of the three reference antennas are
shown in Figure 4a. The surveillance antenna was a low gain (5
dBi) antenna directed towards the launch site, tilted approximately
45° upwards, as shown in Figure 4b.
The signal from antennas was amplified using commercial offthe-shelf television amplifiers. Amplified signals were fed to a National Instruments signal analyzer with data streaming capability
(see Figure 5). The analyzer is built as a modular device in a chassis
with slots for different modules. The configuration of the analyzer
used during the measurements was as follows. The chassis was controlled with NI PXIe-8135 Embedded Controller. The down-conversion modules used were NI PXIe-5601 RF with NI PXIe-5652
RF signal generator (used as a local oscillator). The signals were
sampled using NI PXIe-5622 module, which is a 16-bit digitizer.
It is worth noting that in many radio and radar systems operating at
higher frequencies (a few gigahertz), the limiting factor of the sensitivity is the noise figure of the receiver. At lower frequencies, such as Very
High Frequency and Ultra High Frequency, other sources of noise, e.g.
man-made noise can be predominant [11], [12]. In the considered case,
the man-made noise exceeded the receiver noise by a few dB.
Signals were recorded with a 40 MHz bandwidth at the carrier
frequency of 646 MHz. The signal spectrum is shown in Figure 6.
The distinctive rectangular shape of the DVB-T signal spectrum can
be seen. Four separate transmissions were present within the band.
The signal with the carrier frequency of 634 MHz originates from
transmitter Tx1. Signals at 642 MHz and 650 MHz originate from
transmitter Tx2. The signal at the frequency of 658 MHz is emitted by transmitter Tx3. The signals originating from Tx1 and Tx3
were digitally down-converted, filtered and decimated separately.
Because Tx2 transmitted signals in two adjacent frequency bands,
they can be used jointly, providing a signal with double bandwidth.

ELEVATION PATTERNS INFLUENCE
Figure 6.

Spectrum of the reference signal.

An important issue that has to be analyzed is the antenna radiation patterns, and their influence on target illumination during the
flight. Consider the scenario sketched in Figure 7. The receiver

Figure 7.

A sketch of elevation pattern illumination.

JANUARY 2018

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

27



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