Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine January 2018 - 47

Xu et al.

Figure 17.

Coherent integration outputs by using PGA. (a) MTD. (b) MTD with PGA.

SOME DISCUSSIONS ON APPLICATIONS
Apart from the above nine recent developments, some other application limitations and research aspects should be discussed for
applying the proposed FBD-based methods as follows.
At first, radar target characteristics in multiple domains may
have influences on the coherent integration performance among
pulse-by-pulse, element-by-element, or frequency-by-frequency
samplings. For the RFT/GRFT methods [8-12], the target to be
JANUARY 2018

detected is assumed to be a nonfluctuating target in this article, i.e., the
Swerling 0 target. In real applications with a long TOT, the target's
fluctuation, however, cannot be
neglected with the increase of the
illumination time and the change
of the radar LOS. Therefore, the
backscattering responses should be
analyzed and measured quantitatively for targets to be detected on the
backscattering amplitude, shifted
envelopes, and phase modulation
via real experiments versus different
factors, e.g., high-order motion, carrier frequency, radar LOS, and TOT.
Furthermore, the coherence loss
caused by radar hardware should be
studied like the dynamic range and
stability of the receivers, which are
mainly decided by the phase noise
of the oscillators. Accordingly, the
bounds of coherent integration on
LOS, TOT, and carrier frequency
difference need to be determined
for FBD-based methods on different
kinds of targets.
Second, for some target detection scenarios, radar can provide the
detection resource with radar LOS,
TOT, and bandwidth larger than
their respective bounds obtained
at the previous part for coherent
integration. That is, the multiple
samplings in space-time-frequency
domain may be too large to apply coherent integration due to the
"de-coherency" effect that occurred
among these multiple samplings for
observing a target from different
views, instants, or wavelengths. For
this scenario, a hybrid integration
method, i.e., the cascaded coherent
and noncoherent integration, may be
a good choice, where the integration
is accomplished step-by-step as follows. First, the proposed STF-FBD
methods are used to realize coherent integration with radar LOS, TOT, and bandwidth lower than
the above bounds. Subsequently, noncoherent integration methods
like GRT can be further adopted to improve the ultimate detection
performance.
Third, based on the high SNR gain obtained by the FBD-based
methods, the accuracies may be improved for motion parameter estimation, but it may also introduce some time delay for accumulating pulses and multidimensional search. Therefore, it may bring up

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

47



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