Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine February 2018 - 35

Photo Credit: NASA

lifecycle cost and its duration. One suitable case-study have been
discussed to support the proposed methodology.

DESIGN STRATEGY: DESIGN FOR PERFORMANCE
Design strategy is a general framework that identifies the design
pivot feature in all phases of system design. This pivot feature as
the main aim will be the key driver of system design and all the
designer's decisions and selections will be made based on it [6].
The purpose of "Design for Performance" or performancebased design [7] is to predict the performance of the system. The
designer is however confronted with the reverse problem: knowing the performance objectives, he/she must find combinations of
design characteristics which will result in a design that satisfies or
exceeds all requirements including mission and performance. Design for performance is a process in which the system Performance
Requirements (PRs) must lead to determination of boundary values for Main Design Parameters (MDPs). These parameters will
have the greatest impact on system performance [8]. In "design for
performance" strategy, the cost is not constrained.

OVERVIEW OF SIZING IN THE AIRPLANE DESIGN PROCESS
In Torenbeek's approach, the airplane sizing process, which means
translation of airplane PRs into DPs boundary values, are executed
in the conceptual design phase. He states that in this phase, mission
specifications and PRs play the most important role in driving the

design procedure. Torenbeek states that sizing is an activity that
is performed after laying down the broad outlines of the general
arrangement and finalizing the design of the fuselage, to decide
on the type of engine to be installed and the size of the wing; both
have a direct effect on performance and operating costs. The roadmap of sizing process in preliminary design is to convert the PRs in
to combinations of design variables. During this process the baseline design (BLD) is further developed to a depth of detail which
can be regarded as meaningful [8].
In Roskam's approach, sizing has an independent identity
along with the other phases of airplane design and a step ahead
of the preliminary design phase [9]. In this approach, conceptual
design has not been considered among the other phases of airplane
design. In Raymer's approach, sizing has been placed among the
activities of conceptual design phase [10].
Sadraey has allocated the preliminary design phase to the sizing process and has divided this phase to two steps. He states that
during the sizing process the boundary values of the three MDPs
of an airplane will be determined considering the airplane performance criteria. These parameters will govern the aircraft size, the
manufacturing cost, and the complexity of calculations [11].
Loftin states that sizing is a rapid method for estimating the
size, weight, and thrust of jet-powered aircraft intended to meet
specified performance objectives [12].
Along with aircraft designers, Wertz defines the spacecraft
sizing estimate as follows: "The purpose of the sizing estimate is
to provide an estimate of basic mission parameters such as size,
weight, power, or cost" [1].
It seems that a combination of the above definitions can explain the purpose of this article: "Performance sizing is a rapid
method during which the mission and PRs are translated to the
best combination of DPs considering the performance criteria. This
combination creates a BLD upon which the weight, size, power
consumption and cost of designing, manufacturing and mission
operations of the spacecraft could be estimated."

INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN PLANE
Figure 2.

Ease of change and the cost of change during the lifetime of a system [6].

FEBRUARY 2018

Design plane is the most useful technique that is used in airplane
performance sizing. This technique enables the designer to visu-

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

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