Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine March 2018 - 20

HF Software-Defined Radar for Coastal Ocean Application

Figure 12.

Doppler spectrum of the beamformed RDM (boresight direction) for a
range location in the vicinity of the buoy.

where s is the spreading parameter, for which a value of 4 is commonly used. From Figure 12,

( B+ )dB = −44.2,

and

( B− )dB = −71.11.

(3)

Because
B 
10log  +  = 10log ( B+ ) − 10log ( B− ) ,
 B− 

(4)

it follows from (1) that

ζ = −44.2 + 71.11 = 26.91 dB.

(5)

Hence, from (2),

(

)

θ = 2arctan 1026.91 (10× 4) ≈ 156°.

(6)

This is the wind direction with a left-right (±θ) ambiguity from the
boresight [22], [23]. For our receive array, the boresight is 248°
from true north. Accordingly, with respect to true north, the wind
direction is either (156° + 248° = 44°) or (156° + 180° + 248° =
224°). The corresponding wind direction from the buoy measurement is (255° magnetic + 18.41° magnetic declination = 273.41°)
from true north [17], [24]. Furthermore, the wind direction for this
site as reported by Environmental and Natural Resources Canada
is 210° from true north [25]. This shows that the wind direction
obtained by NRI's HF-SDR (i.e., 224°) is satisfactory and gives
evidence of the veracity of the radar data obtained.
20

CONCLUSIONS
This article has presented a HF software-defined radar system developed by NRI for coastal ocean applications. Being a softwaredefined system, it is inherently flexible and relatively inexpensive.
The field test results presented have demonstrated the utility of the
system. Future work will involve extracting relevant ocean parameters from beamformed RDMs and validating them through comparison with data from a classical radar such as WERA and from in
situ instrumentation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was partially supported by National Research Council
of Canada, Industrial Research Assistance Program and also by the
Research and Development Corporation, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador (Now part of Department of Tourism Culture Industry and Innovation, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador).
We acknowledge our late technician, Michael Scott, for his role in
fabricating the custom-made elements used in the HF-SDR system.

REFERENCES
[1]

[2]

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

Crombie, D. D. Doppler spectrum of sea echo at 13.56 Mc/s. Nature, Vol. 1, 1 (1955), 681-682. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.
org/10.1038/175681a0.
Barrick, D. First-order theory and analysis of MF/HF/VHF scatter
from the sea. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol.

MARCH 2018



http://www.dx.doi

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