Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine March 2018 - 47

Chu et al.

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]
[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

Figure 9.

Comparison between wind directions estimated by the MB method and
those measured by a shipborne anemometer at (a) site A and (b) site B.

[14]

addition, the use of two radar sites to eliminate the wind direction
ambiguity for the HFHSSWR is reliable.
[15]

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by National Marine Technology Program
for Public Welfare (Grant No. 201505002) and National Natural
Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61671166 and 61501131).

[17]

REFERENCES
[1]

[2]

[3]

Riddolls, R. J. Ship Detection Performance of a High Frequency
Hybrid Sky-Surface Wave Radar. Ottawa, Canada: Defence R&D
Canada-Ottawa, 2007.
Jiao, P., Yang, L., and Fan, J. New propagation mode associating with
HF sky and surface wave and its application. Chinese Journal of Radio Science, Vol. 22, 5 (2007), 746-750.
Jiang, W., Deng, W., and Yang, Q. Characteristic analyse of first-order
sea clutter for over the horizon hybrid sky-surface wave radar. Ca-

MARCH 2018

[16]

[18]

[19]

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

nadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vol. 4
(2011), 1394-1401.
Li, Y., and Wei, Y. Analysis of first-order sea clutter spectrum characteristics for HF sky-surface wave radar. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Radar, 2013.
Li, Y., Wei, Y., Xu, R., Shang C. Simulation analysis and experimentation study on sea clutter spectrum for high-frequency hybrid sky-surface wave propagation mode. IET Radar, Sonar and Navigation, Vol.
8, 8 (2014), 917-930.
Li, Y., Wei, Y., Zhu, Y., Guo, R., Wang, Z., Xu, R. Analysis and simulation for broadening first-order sea clutter spectrum in high frequency hybrid sky-surface wave propagation mode. IET Radar, Sonar and
Navigation, Vol. 9, 6 (2015), 609-621.
Zhang, L., Wu, X., Liu, J., Li, Z., Yan, S. A study on skywave-surface wave hybrid networking technique for HF oceanography radar.
In Proceedings of OCEANS 2014, Taipei, 2014.
Long, A., and Trizna, D. Mapping of North Atlantic winds by HF radar sea backscatter interpretation. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, Vol. 21, 5 (1973), 680-685.
Barrick, D. E. Extraction of wave parameters from measured HF seaecho Doppler spectra. Radio Science, Vol. 12 (1977), 415-424.
Wyatt, L. R., Green, J. J., Middleditch, A., Moorhead, M. D., Howarth, J., Holt, M., et al. Operational wave, current, and wind measurements with the Pisces HF radar. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, Vol. 31, 4 (2006), 819-834.
Helzel, T., Kniephoff, M., and Petersen, L. Wera: Remote ocean sensing for current, wave and wind direction-Introduction to the principle of operation, 2006. http://www.aslenv.com/WERA.html.
Shen, W., Gurgel, K. W., Voulgaris, G., Schlick, T., Stammer, D.
Wind-speed inversion from HF radar first-order backscatter signal.
Ocean Dynamics, Vol. 62, 1 (2012), 105-121.
Heron, M. L., and Rose, R. J. On the application of HF ocean radar
to the observation of temporal and spatial changes in wind direction.
IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, Vol. 11, 2 (1986), 210-218.
Wyatt, L. R., Ledgard, L. J., and Anderson, C. W. Maximum likelihood estimation of the directional distribution of 0.53-Hz Ocean
Waves. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 14, 1
(1997), 591-603.
Stewart, R. H., and Barnum, J. R. Radio measurements of oceanic
winds at long ranges: An evaluation. Radio Science, Vol. 10, 10
(1975), 853-857.
Huang, W., Gill, E., Wu, X., Li, L. Measurement of sea surface wind
direction using bistatic high-frequency radar. IEEE Transactions on
Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 50, 10 (2012), 4117-4122.
Donelan, M., Hamilton, A. J., and Hui, W. H. Directional spectra of
wind generated waves. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, Vol. 315 (1985), 509-562.
Wyatt, L. R. An evaluation of wave parameters measured using a
single HF radar system. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.
28 (2002), 205-218.
Chu, X., Zhang, J., Wang, S., Ji Y., Wang, Y. A comparison of algorithms for extracting wind direction from the monostatic HF radar sea
echoes. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronic
Science and Automation Control, 2015, 116-119.

47
http://www.aslenv.com/WERA.html
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine March 2018
