Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine April 2018 - 41

Tang, Zhu, and Fan

Figure 2.

GMAS-based TCAS model.

mation which contains one nested function components (h1′: Approaching aircraft filter).
Based on the mathematical description presented in the previous section, the purpose of the model that results in the GMAS
formalism is not only to resolve encounters based on step-by-step
logic, but also focuses on exploring the emergent dynamics between the resolution trajectories and the neighboring trajectories.
The proposed model includes one start component (s), twenty-two
data components (d1:22), forty-eight link components (f1:48), ten
function components (h1:10), one nested function component (h1′),
and one end component (e).

AGENT WIND DISTURBANCE
Agent wind disturbance contains two function components h1 and
h2, which respectively calculate the wind speed of corresponding
aircraft at their own altitude and generate the realistic motion state.
The speed variation owing to wind instability discussed in this
model is identified as the most common factor affecting the enroute trajectory predictions. The speed vectors of aircraft may vary
during the execution phase, leading to different possible future
situations that must be considered to improve TCAS robustness.
APRIL 2018

AGENT AIRCRAFT TCAS
Agent aircraft TCAS performs SL evaluation (h3), threat detection
(h4), and threat resolution (h5). Different SLs correspond to different TA and RA thresholds, and each threshold is determined based
on their flight altitudes. The TA is issued when another aircraft approaches and a collision is predicted within 20-48 seconds based
on the SL. The Agent aircraft TCAS tries to draw the pilot's attention to the collision situation and receives the possible reactions
from the Agent pilot response. Then, the Agent aircraft TCAS, still
depending on the SL, issues an RA when an emerging collision is
predicted within 15-35 seconds. In order to explore the possible
domino threat, this agent also serves to transmit RA waypoint information to inform Agent multi-threat estimation.

AGENT PILOT RESPONSE
Agent Pilot response possesses two function components h6 and
h7 which respectively provide probabilistic pilot reaction (climb,
maintain, descend) and response delay (within 5 seconds) for the
TCAS advisories. While the TCAS is a last resort method for preventing a collision in the complex sociotechnical air traffic man-

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

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