Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine April 2018 - 52

3D FMCW MIMO Radar System for Medium-Range Applications
Figure 8b illustrates the measured curves for different angles
(ϕ = ϕi, θ = 0°). Considering the TDM architecture implemented,
each TX radiating element is connected to a switch in such a manner that only the TX antenna, which sends the FMCW ramp, is
matched to 50 Ω, while the rest of the TX antennas are connected
to an open circuit. Consequently, a ripple appears in the azimuth
dimension. The simulated curve, the dotted curve in the figure,
is the multiplication of the simulated RX antenna pattern and the
TX antenna pattern (considering the whole antenna array with the
corresponding open circuits in the proper TX elements). The amplitude decays approximately by 10 dB at ±50°. The simulation
matches rather well with the envelope of the complete set of performed measurements. As a summary, the fields of view (FOVs) of
the radar are FOVθ = 100° and FOVϕ = 60°, respectively.

ZONE SURVEILLANCE APPLICATIONS
The next step is to verify the performance of the MIMO radar in
a real scenario and to show the advantages of a multifunctional
system. In this test, the MIMO radar is combined with a camera,
which is placed in the middle of the antenna array. Figure 9 shows
the scene of the measurement as seen by the camera. A commercial
camera, with npix,h = 2,048 pixels horizontally and npix,v = 1,536
pixels vertically, is used. The pixel size is 3.2°. With an objective
with a focal length of f = 12 mm, an FOV of
FOVh =

Figure 8.

a. Normalized dependence of the received power in the elevation direction with the angle because of the antenna element pattern.
b. Normalized dependence of the received power in the azimuth direction with the angle because of the antenna element pattern.

constant step of 1°. Because the RX (array of 4 patches along y)
and TX (array of 2 patches along y) antennas are not isotropic, a
relatively pronounced dependency of the received power with the
angle is expected.
Figure 8a illustrates the measured curves for different angles
ϕ = ϕi, θ = 0°. The simulated curve, dotted curve in the figure, is the
multiplication of the simulated RX antenna pattern and the TX antenna pattern. As can be seen, the amplitude decays approximately
by ±10 dB at 30°. The simulation matches well with the envelope
of the complete set of performed measurements.
Similarly, the measurement has been performed in the azimuth
direction. This time, the angular sweep is from ϕ = 0°, θ = −60°
to ϕ = 0°, θ = 60°, with a constant step of 1°. Because the RX
(single patch along x) and TX (single patch along x) antennas are
not isotropic, a corresponding angular dependence of the power is
expected. In this axis, the antennas are single patches Therefore,
the characteristic dependence of the received power with the angle
is expected to be rather wide.
52

n · p 360°
·
= 31.3°
f
2π

(9)

horizontally and FOVv = 23.5° vertically is obtained. The FOVs
of the radar have been calculated in the previous subsection to be
FOVϕ = 60° and FOVθ = 100°. Because the FOV of the radar is
greater than the FOV of the camera, the gimbals can be used to
point the camera in the right direction. A field test measurement
has been performed to simulate a detectable change in the surveillance area. For this purpose, three corner cubes with cross-sections
σ1 ≈ 49 m2, σ2 ≈ 422 m2, and σ3 ≈ 169 m2 are placed at 18, 28, and 22
m, respectively. Determining the accurate position of the objects in

Figure 9.

Image of the scene with three corner cubes marked with red circles.

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

APRIL 2018



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