The Magazine of IEEE-Eta Kappa Nu October 2017 - 13

Safety and Privacy Policy Regarding Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)

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Operations are only allowed during daylight or civil
twilight with appropriate anti-collision lighting.
UAVS must always yield right of way to other aircraft.
Use of a first-person-view camera cannot satisfy "see
and avoid."
Maximum groundspeed of 100 mph.
Maximum altitude of 400 feet above ground.
No operations may be performed from a moving
vehicle or aircraft unless the operation is over a
sparsely populated area.
No carriage of hazardous materials.
Preflight inspection must be performed by the
remote pilot in command.

Further regulations were added regarding pilot
certification and responsibility. The original regulations
had a registration requirement with the FAA for either
commercial or recreational use through a multi-step
process. These registration requirements were modified
in 2017 by a court decision that gave recreational users
two options for flying UAVs. The first option requires
users to abide by the Special Rule for Model Aircraft. This
rule is summarized below. The second option requires
that operators fly under the Small UAS Rule. This rule
requires that operators register their UAS (Unmanned
Aircraft System) with the FAA as a "non-modeler," obtain
an FAA Remote Pilot Certificate (RPC), and follow the
operational requirements listed above.

Definitions
Geo-fencing - The creation of virtual fences around
areas or points of interest using a global positioning
system (GPS). [5]
Frangible - A structure that disintegrates upon impact.
See and Avoid - The process in which a pilot sees a
potential hazard and avoids the collision.

into a person, car, or even a house are non-trivial and
the danger to existing airplane traffic is significance.
Current regulations address safety with limits for altitude,
location, and line-of-sight control. UAVs must not be
flown over 400 feet; they must not be flown near an
airport, a wildfire, stadiums, or other restricted airspace;
and they cannot be flown beyond line of sight (BLOS).
However, violations and accidents will happen, and
these safety restrictions will not prevent UAV collisions
with other UAVs. Strict enforcement of existing FAA
regulations are impractical or unfeasible. Also, the
liability rules related to damage caused by and misuse of
UAVs are not clear. Payloads are not restricted, and UAVs
could be used to transport questionable items such as
weapons or drugs.

b. Follow a community-based set of safety
guidelines

Features to improve safety are being proposed by
users and are being developed by UAV manufacturers.
These safety features include "sonar, LIDAR, and even
geo-fencing for short-range collision avoidance" and
autopilot modes for "return to home," "auto land," and
"hover in orbit" in case of unforeseen emergencies [4].
Also, frangible UAV structures are proposed in which the
UAV is designed to disintegrate upon impact as a means
to limit collateral damage. Such improvements come at
a greater UAV cost and cannot handle all situations, e.g.
weather. For instance, UAVs that have the anti-collision
sensors are significantly more expensive than those
without anti-collision capabilities. The DJI Phantom 3
(without anti-collision sensors) is estimated to be about
$499 while the DJI Phantom 4 (with anti-collision
sensors) is estimated to be about $1,399. With both
of these UAVs on the market, the DJI Phantom 3 is the
more economical choice.

c. Fly the UAS within VLOS

B. Privacy Issues

d. Give way to manned aircraft

Another concern regarding UAVs is privacy. The
expectation of privacy regarding activities on one's
property (e.g. house and yard) is commonly held and

III. Safety and Privacy Concerns
A. Safety Issues

A major concern regarding UAVs is safety. Reports
highlight the problem of accidents from collisions, loss
of pilot control, malfunctions, debris, etc. "The current
accident rate for UAVs is 100 times that of a manned
aircraft" [4]. As more and more UAVs enter the airspace
and their altitude and speed capabilities grow, potential
threats and hazards increase to both aircraft and land
vehicles. The consequences of a 20-kg UAV crashing

Special Rule for Model Aircraft [3]
a. Fly for hobby or recreational purposes only

e. Fly UAV that weighs less than 55 lbs
THE BRIDGE // Issue 3 2017

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