Resident Research Review Dr. Jared Little, a second-year resident, has focused on studying the growth of the soft tissue of the naso- and oropharynx airway in subjects aged 3 to 18 years using AAOF Growth Collection data (Figure 2). The study aims to evaluate the linear measurements for airway and standard growth measurements, with the goal of establishing growth curves for the airway and the skeleton independently. These growth curves will help determine whether airway growth ends early or late and determine the ideal time for intervention. CBCT & Airway and TMJ Study Dr. Joorok Park is currently an assistant professor at the Department of Orthodontics. His main focus in research is evaluating orthodontic treatment outcomes with CBCT images. With Dr. Sheldon Baumrind, Dr. Park measured the 3-D reliability of anatomical landmarks of the craniofacial structure.4 Mean radial spherical error (MRSE) was calculated to determine the radius of a sphere in which 61 percent of the landmark estimates lie. The majority of landmarks showed elongated envelopes that reflected the shape of the anatomical structure of which they are a part (Figure 3). Reports exist on the effect of expansion and extraction treatments on the size of the airway. For maxillary expansion treatments, we have compared conventional rapid palatal expander (RPE), bone-anchored RPE (MSE/MARPE), and distraction osteogenic maxillary expansion (DOME) technique, which was developed by Drs. Stanley Yung Liu and Audrey Yoon at the Stanford Sleep Surgery Clinic. Figure 2. Naso- and oropharynx airway width changes from 3 to 18 years Figure 3. Gonion: (MRSE Right = 2.28). Gonion is distinctly the least reliable conventionally used landmark examined in this study. Its reliability in this sample was poor in all three dimensions. Summer 2018 PCSO Bulletin 51