Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine December 2017 - 7
written much of the signal processing code for the radar. He was
able to exploit his knowledge of the phenomenology in real time
to optimize radar parameters such as frequency and bandwidth,
coherent integration time, scanning pattern, signal processing
steps and operator display settings, and, even more importantly,
to recognize the signatures of the diverse physical phenomena
imprinted on the radar echoes and take appropriate action when
needed.
Bearing this in mind, and noting that multizone scattering in
the course of signal propagation (see below) has been observed to
be significant for both skywave and surface wave HF radars [4-6],
the formulation of the radar process is expressed as a concatenation
of operators,
s=
M
nB
R ∏ M
nB =1
j =1
S ( j +1)
S ( j)
S1
S ( j ) M T ( )Tw
N
mBi
S1
+m
+ R ∏ M SS(( jj)+1) S ( j ) M ni ( )Tn
i
i =1 mBi =1
j =1
NJ
RADAR PROCESS MODELS
In the case of OTH radar, widespread reliance on the classical radar equation far exceeds its ability to deliver meaningful
results (see eg. [2]); this led to the development of the radar
process model formulation, which follows the signal along its
trajectory in space-time [3], accounting for the changing physical manifestation of the information content. Even the factorization or partitioning of the radar observation process into more
fundamental stages is nontrivial at HF. Where does the radiation
process from a shore-based HF surface wave radar (HFSWR)
antenna end and the propagation of a ground wave begin? At
what height above a ground surface can scattering from an elevated target be modelled in terms of its free space scattering
matrix and a (complex) incident field, if at all? Such questions
are not matters of fundamental physics but they are unavoidable
when we set out to construct computational models that aspire
to verisimilitude commensurate with the dynamical range of the
sensor.
(1)
where
w represents the selected waveform,
T represents the transmitting complex, including amplifiers and
antennas,
S 1
M T represents propagation from transmitter to the first scattering
zone,
S ( j ) represents all scattering processes in the jth scattering zone,
M SS(( jj)+1) represents propagation from the jth scattering zone to the
(j+1)th zone,
nB denotes the number of scattering zones that the signal visits on a
specific route from the transmitter to the receiver,
NJ denotes the number of external noise sources or jammers,
The phenomenology must
be explored by building and
experimenting with physical
models that reveal the
signatures of prospective
observables and quantify the
retrievable information
DECEMBER 2017
S 1
M ni represents propagation from the ith noise source to its first
scattering zone,
mBi denotes the number of scattering zones that the ith noise emission visits on a specific route from its source to the receiver,
M,N denote the maximum number of zones visited by signal and
external noise, respectively,
R represents the receiving complex, including antennas and receivers,
m represents internal noise,
s represents the signal delivered to the processing stage.
A subtle but important practical point here is the separation of
phenomenology into temporally local processes and sequential
IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
5
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