Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine October 2017 - 7

Leppinen
Table 1.

List of Analysed Spacecraft
Name

Operator

Launch Date

Details

Sources

TacSat-1

Naval Research
Laboratory

Not launched

PowerPC MPC823 and
PowerQuicc II 8260,
StrongArm SA1110

[9]

Aalto-1

Aalto University

2017

AT91RM9200-based embedded
computer, Linux 3.4 prepared
with Buildroot

[10]

QuakeSat

QuakeFinder LLC

2003

Diamond Systems Prometheus
PC/104 x86 CPU module with
Red Hat Linux

[11] [12]

MidSTAR-1

United States Naval
Academy

2007

ARM Linux on a payload
controller

[13]

UWE-11, UWE22

University of
Würzburg

1

Hitachi H8S 2674 16-bit
microprocessor, μClinux

[14] [15]

X-Sat

Nanyang
Technological
University

2011

Payload controller: Linux on
several StrongArm SA1110
processors

[16]

IPEX

Cal Poly San Luis
Obispo, JPL

2013

400 MHz Atmel ARM9 CPU
based computer, Linux 2.6.30

[17] [18]

STRaND-1

Surrey Space Centre

2013

Digi-Wi9C with μClinux and
Google Nexus One with
Android

[19] [20]

LightSail-1

The Planetary
Society

2015

Tyvak Intrepid v6 single-board
computer

[21] [22]

PhoneSat
satellites

NASA

Several since 2013

Google Nexus One and Nexus
S with Android 2.2

[23]

Dove satellites

Planet

Several since 2013

Low-power COTS x86
processors, Ubuntu server

[24] [25]

Falcon 9,
Dragon

SpaceX

Several since 2010

Multiple COTS computers,
custom Linux 3.2 with realtime patches

[26] [27] [28]
[29]

Figure 3.

2005, 22009

Aalto-1 is one of the CubeSats using Linux. Photo: Aalto University.

OCTOBER 2017

processor also had the required interfaces, such as I2C and serial
port, to communicate with other hardware on the satellite. μClinux
was selected because of the Linux portability and availability of
software; only the application-specific software modules needed to
be developed. Linux also had the internet protocol stack available
for the technology demonstrations.
Although the UWE-1 on-board software performed well, it
was rewritten for UWE-2 in order to be more extensible. Software
was written in C due to its good integration with Linux, and due
to the availability of C cross-compiler for the selected processor.
The application software was realized as several Linux programs
running in parallel, including programs for system control, radio
control, battery control, housekeeping, logging, and sensors. The
programs communicated through the Linux interprocess communication facilities.
UWE-1 completed its demonstration mission within a few
weeks after launch, and UWE-2 was also operated successfully
[14], [15].

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

7



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