Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine February 2018 - 40
Remote Sensing Satellites Conceptual Design
In general, the PRs of cubesat optical payload can be divided
into four categories:
C
Spatial resolution
C
Temporal resolution
C
Spectral resolution
C
Radiometric resolution
Spatial resolution is equivalent to the smallest unit in each image (pixel) and the interpreter cannot identify point targets smaller
than a pixel. Ground Sampling Distance (GSD) can be used as the
quantitative measure of this PR [18].
The applications of images which could be obtained from the
cubesat have been listed as follows [17]:
C
To study the rapid climate changes;
C
Meteorological (wind speed and type of clouds);
C
Vegetation indices and growth and health of plants;
C
C
To determine the land and water boundaries, coastal erosion
maps and tidal effects;
To monitor the changes in the territorial and agricultural
lands.
platform as well as sensor characteristics. The temporal resolution
is high when the revisiting delay is low and vice-versa. Temporal
resolution is usually expressed in days [19], [20].
The effective DPs on temporal resolution are number of satellites, their arrangement in the form of a constellation and the orbit
attitude. In the case under consideration, the number of satellites
has been constrained to one from the beginning. There are no special requirements about the temporal resolution and the maximum
time interval between reimaging of a specified point as well.
Therefore, it could be considered that the time interval between
reimaging of a specific point (Δt) is preferred to be the least. Anyway, in the sizing phase which is a part of the conceptual design
process, if there are some requirements related to temporal resolution, the point of their effect is the orbit altitude as a DP.
Spectral resolution describes the ability of a sensor to define
fine wavelength intervals. The finer the spectral resolution, the
narrower the wavelength range for a particular channel or band.
Spectral resolution is often defined as the dimensionless parameter
λ/δλ.
Depending on the intended applications of the images which
could be obtained from the cubesat and according to Table 4, the
detectable spectral band for the sensor will be 400 nm − 1,000 nm
and its subbands are the following:
According to Table 3, for the above-mentioned applications,
GSD must have a value between 9 m and 30 m. The allowable
range of GSD could be written as follows:
C
Blue (0.44-0.51)-operating wavelength: 0.457 μm
C
Green (0.52-0.6)-operating wavelength: 0.56 μm
C
Red (0.63-0.69)-operating wavelength: 0.66 μm
C
GSD ≤ 30 m
Temporal resolution is defined as the amount of time needed to
revisit and image the exact same area at the same viewing angle a
second time (Δt). The actual temporal resolution of a sensor or this
amount of time depends on the orbital characteristics of the sensor
Near Infra-Red (NIR) (0.77-0.90)-operating wavelength:
0.835 μm
As a result, λ/δλ = 4.
Radiometric resolution of an imaging system describes its
ability to discriminate very slight differences in energy. The finer
the radiometric resolution of a sensor, the more sensitive it is to
Table 3.
GSD for Different Detection Applications of Remote Sensing Images in a Variety of Sensors [19]
Sensor
GSD
Panchromatic
Multispectral
Thermal Infrared
RADAR
≥9m
D-Port
D-Coastline
D-Deforested area
D-Railroad track
4.5 m-9 m
D-Factory
D-Road
D-Airliner
D-Tanker
2.5 m-4.5 m
D-Train
I-Main streets
I-Active chimneys
I-Railway station
1.2 m-2.5 m
I-Highway
D-Small boat
D-Switched-on
cars
D-Road bridges
0.75 m-1.2 m
I-Trucks
D-Cars
I-Tall masts
D-Train wagon
0.4 m-0.75
I-Kind of car
D-Domestic
animals
D-Switched-on
engines
S-Kind of radar
antenna
Detection
Identification
S
Specification
D
I
40
IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
FEBRUARY 2018
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