Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine April 2018 - 11

Wahl and Turkoglu

Figure 9.

Results of real-time NRHC in different operation points.

Figure 8.

Results of real-time NRHC of an on-the-fly biased square wave.

and/or estimation algorithm. However, in real life, such a sensor
tends to produce noisy data.
From a practical point of view, a low signal-to-noise ratio can
become problematic for the system. If such a situation occurs, the
behavior of the system could be compromised, and the system
needs to be studied in terms of its ability to remain robust in its
behavior.
Accordingly, to determine whether the system is robust to noise
contamination, a set of 1,000 Monte Carlo simulations was run on
both square wave scenarios (preplanned and on the fly). Random
Gaussian noise (with a 3σ distribution of 10%) was injected into
the sensor readings, effectively allowing the sensor noise to fall
within ±10% of the real value for 99% of the trials.
As can be seen in Figures 10 and 11, even with roughly ±10%
signal noise, the envelope for the resulting angle-of-attack tracking is
quite acceptable, typically falling within 1° or less of variance. (This
APRIL 2018

translates to ±5%, except near the initial conditions, where having an
α of near 0 throws off the calculation of the error percentage.)

CONSIDERATION OF ACTUATOR DYNAMICS
In real-life applications, especially in high-speed rocket or missile
operating conditions, actuation dynamics play a crucial role in addressing the needs of control and path, trajectory, and motion planning. As stated in Chwa et al. [20], Wise and Broy [21], and several
other studies, second-order actuator dynamics are used often to
model actuation dynamics. The main concern with actuator dynamics originates from the associated nonlinearities with fin deflection
and rate limitations. In this study, the following assumptions exist:
(1) actuator dynamics are second order and (2) actuators are able
to provide a fast enough response, with a delay of less than two or
three samples (which is a reasonable industry standard).

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

11



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