Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine March 2017 - 11
Leung and Rife
Figure 5.
CSL network for a UAS loss of aircraft in UAS inspection application.
due to the aircraft's low kinetic energy).
A CSL network that
considers damage to person or property in the UAS
inspection application is
shown in Figure 5. The
network combines fault
chains with appropriate
modifiers that account for
design choices that reduce
risk (mitigations) as well as
environmental factors that
increase risk (promotions).
In mathematical terms, the
network is technically not
a tree; rather it is a directed
graph in which each edge
flows from an event (fault
chain or modifier) toward
the high-level safety criterion (damage to person or
property). Each gate is indicated as a dot where two
input lines connect to one
output line. In the diagram,
faults chains are shown as
red hexagons and modifiers
as green triangles. For instance, consider promotion
event P04 (loss of communications). This promotion
increases the severity of
fault chains F03 (control
system failure causing crash
MARCH 2017
Table 11.
States in CSL Network
State
Description
F01
Loss of sensor results in collision with flying object
F02
Loss of control results in collision with flying object
F03
Loss of control results in collision with terrain
F04
Loss of sensor results in collision with terrain
F05
Vibrations cause parts to loosen resulting in UAS falling to ground
F06
Fatigue fracture causes UAS to fall to ground
F07
Payload shift causes UAS to fall to ground
F08
Control commands result in stall and UAS falling to ground
F09
Programming or data error (e.g. reference height of ground) causes UAS to
impact ground
F10
Battery drain causes loss of power that results in UAS falling to ground
F11
Battery or actuators overheat causing loss of power that results in UAS falling to
ground
M01
Flying object detects UAS and steers clear
M02
Maintenance detects cracks or wear
M03
Power meter reports low battery
M04
Mission plan calls for UAS to land with margin on battery (e.g., with 10% battery
remaining)
P01
UAS operates in dense airborne traffic at low altitudes (other UAS, birds, etc.)
P02
Severe winds
P03
UAS operates in complex 3D terrain (urban setting, trees, geofencing, etc.)
P04
Communication with ground station interrupted
P05
Hardware or communication delays cause poor feedback performance (e.g.,
excess oscillations)
IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
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