Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine July 2018 - 49

Sardar, Mishra, and Khan
Table 1.

ITU-Specified Channel Models Compatible with LTE Telecommunication Used for Verification of LTE CommSense in
Simulation Environment
EPA
Tap No.

Relative Delay
(ns)

1

0

2

30

3

EVA

Relative Mean
Power (dB)

Relative Delay
(ns)

0.0

ETU

Relative Mean
Power (dB)

Relative Delay
(ns)

Relative Mean
Power (dB)

0

0.0

0

−1.0

−1

30

−1.5

50

−1.0

70

−2

150

−1.4

120

−1.0

4

80

−3

310

−3.6

200

0.0

5

110

−8

370

−0.6

230

0.0

6

190

−17.2

710

−9.1

500

0.0

7

410

−20.8

1,090

−7

1,600

−3.0

8

-

-

1,730

−12

2,300

−5.0

9

-

-

2,510

−16.9

5,000

−7.0

The stagewise processing block diagram describing the extraction procedure of LTE CSI is shown in Figure 2. The channel estimation algorithm functions are described in the following steps:
1. Extract the reference signals, or pilot symbols, for a transmit-
receive antenna pair from the received grid. Use the reference
signals to calculate the least-squares estimates of the channel
response at the pilot symbol positions within a received grid.

received grids are calculated in terms of RMS EVM. The CSI is
extracted and recorded.

Results and Analysis
The extracted CSIs for all four models used for analysis are plotted
in Figure 3. The x-axis gives the subcarrier numbers, the y-axis

2. To minimize the effects of noise
on the pilot symbol estimates,
average the estimates using an
averaging window. This simple
method produces a substantial reduction in the level of noise found
on the pilot symbols.
3. Using the cleaned pilot symbol
estimates, generate virtual pilots
to facilitate interpolation at the
boundaries of the LTE resource
grid.
4. Interpolate to obtain an estimate of
the channel for the entire number
of subframes passed into the function.
The received resource grid is compared between the transmitted and
equalized grids and the transmitted
and received grids . The errors between the transmitted and the equalized grids and the transmitted and the
JULY 2018

Figure 2.

LTE channel estimation and CSI extraction block diagram.

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

49



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