Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine July 2018 - 61

Photo credit: NASA

the navigation system for the Apollo Project to estimate the trajectory of the spacecraft for it to go to the Moon and return [10].
Application of Kalman filter requires filter tuning to modify the
response time of the filter [11]. In Kalman filter, initial conditions for the covariance matrix of the estimated state vector and
estimation of uncertainty are required. Moreover, this filter involves covariance matrices for the noise of sensor and for random dynamic perturbations of the state vector. These parameters
need to be determined by engineering judgment, test results, and
error analysis. The method of adjusting these values, according
to the analysis of the performance of the filter, is named filter
tuning [12], [13]. Gaining proper amounts for the dynamic covariance matrix perturbation noise is the most challenging part
of filter tuning.
Development of spacecraft's orbital and attitude motions model is one of the key technologies to enhance the performance of the

spacecraft OADC subsystem. An accurate model of a spacecraft's
relative position and attitude is a key requirement to the success
of the coordinated control of a spacecraft. In comparison with
underwater vehicles and aircraft, the field of spacecraft's orbital
and attitude motions model has received little attention [14], [15].
This work, therefore, addresses the fundamental issues faced in
the OADC to perform a proper analysis for the designer. A brief
description of the conventional and advanced control methods,
their disadvantages, opportunities for improvement, and future
control methods is given. This article divides the literature into
areas of orbital concept, attitude study, and spacecraft's IOADC.
All methods are briefly explained, and issues of separate orbit and
attitude dynamics and control (SOADC) and IOADC are argued.
It is expected that this survey would help spacecraft designers to
find answers in terms of which attitude and orbit determination and
control system is proper for their projects.

Figure 1.

Context map for standard IOADC.

JULY 2018

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

61



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