Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine July 2017 - 14

Commercial Airline Single-Pilot Operations: System Design and Pathways to Certification

Figure 7.

SPO communications network.

than manned operations, are shown in Table 3 [24]. The RCP is defined by the separation between the aircraft and the ground station, as
well as link transaction time. Limits are set for the continuity of the
link (lower transaction time than required time specified by the RCP
type), availability (ratio of actual to specified operating time), and
integrity (probability of undetected errors in transaction).

Surveillance
On-board surveillance systems provide a combination of surveillance and surveillance-based guidance (through interfacing with
the NG-FMS) and alerts to enhance flight safety and decreased
single-pilot workload by ensuring autonomous SA&CA. Surveillance information can be obtained from information service, and
cooperative and non-cooperative sources (Figure 8). Information

services are provided by the ATCo or
ground crew and contain information
regarding traffic, meteorological or
other potential hazards to flight. To allow the same surveillance systems to be
deployed in conventional, single-pilot,
and unmanned aircraft, a unified approach to non-cooperative and cooperative SA&CA was developed, adopting a
combination of navigation and tracking
sensors/systems (such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), inertial measurement unit (IMU) and vision
based navigation (VBN) sensors) in the
navigation and guidance system architecture. Errors in the obstacle/intruder
measurements are estimated considering a combination of non-cooperative
sensors, including active/passive forward-looking sensors (FLS) and acoustic sensors, as well as cooperative systems, including automatic dependent surveillance
broadcast (ADS-B) and traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS).
In this unified approach, analytical models are implemented for
real-time processing of navigation and tracking errors affecting the
state measurements allowing a direct translation into unified range
and bearing uncertainty descriptors [15], [25]. An airborne surveillance and separation assurance processing (ASSAP) subsystem
processes the incoming surveillance information according to the
relevant surveillance applications for the single pilot (i.e., violation
of separation, resolution advisory, etc.); the ASSAP is integrated
into the NG-FMS (Section 6.2) to provide autonomous separation
assurance, tactical rerouting, conflict resolution, and/or automatic
landing in case of single-pilot overload, incapacitation, and/or loss
of C2 link. RTCA DO-289 provides the Minimum Aviation System

Table 3.

RCP for RPAS, from EUROCAE WG-73
RCP Type
RCP 10

Continuity
(probability/
flight hour)

Availability
(probability/
flight hour)

Integrity
(acceptable
rate/flight hour)

Separation
(NM)

Transaction
Time (sec)

5

10

0.99985

0.999997

1.43x10−6

5

60

0.99985

0.99999

1.43x10−6

15

120

0.99985

0.99999

1.43x10−6

30 / 50

240 / 400

0.99985

0.99999 /
0.99988

1.43x10−6

Tactical control;
Continental
Europe
RCP 60
Routine comms;
Continental
Europe
RCP 120
RCP 240 / RCP 400
Oceanic

14

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

JULY 2017



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